[Human Kinetics] Vladimir Zatsiorsky Boris Prilutsky / Владимир Зациорский Борис Прилуцкий - Biomechanics of skeletal muscles / Биомеханика скелетных мышц [2012, PDF, ENG]

Richly illustrated and presented in clear, concise language, Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles is an essential resource for those seeking advanced knowledge of muscle biomechanics. Written by leading experts Vladimir Zatsiorsky and Boris Prilutsky, the text is one of the few to look at muscle biomechanics in its entirety—from muscle fibers to muscle coordination—making it a unique contribution to the field.

Using a blend of experimental evidence and mechanical models, Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles provides an explanation of whole muscle biomechanics at work in the body in motion. The book first addresses the mechanical behavior of single muscles—from the sarcomere level up to the entire muscle. The architecture of human muscle, the mechanical properties of tendons and passive muscles, the biomechanics of active muscles, and the force transmission and shock absorption aspects of muscle are explored in detail. Next, the various issues of muscle functioning during human motion are addressed. The transformation from muscle force to joint movements, two-joint muscle function, eccentric muscle action, and muscle coordination are analyzed.

This advanced text assumes some knowledge of algebra and calculus; however, the emphasis is on understanding physical concepts. Higher-level computational descriptions are placed in special sections in the later chapters of the book, allowing those with a strong mathematical background to explore this material in more detail. Readers who choose to skip over these sections will find that the book still provides a strong conceptual understanding of advanced topics.

Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles also contains numerous special features that facilitate readers’ comprehension of the topics presented. More than 300 illustrations and accompanying explanations provide an extensive visual representation of muscle biomechanics. Refresher sidebars offer brief reminders of mathematical and biomechanical concepts, and From the Literature sidebars present practical examples that illustrate the concepts under discussion. Chapter summaries and review questions provide an opportunity for reflection and self-testing, and reference lists at the end of each chapter provide a starting point for further study.

Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles offers a thorough explanation of whole muscle biomechanics, bridging the gap between foundational biomechanics texts and scientific literature. With the information found in this text, readers can prepare themselves to better understand the latest in cutting-edge research.

Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles is the third volume in the Biomechanics of Human Motion series. Advanced readers in human movement science gain a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanics of human motion as presented by one of the world’s foremost researchers on the subject, Dr. Vladimir Zatsiorsky. The series begins with Kinematics of Human Motion, which details human body positioning and movement in three dimensions; continues with Kinetics of Human Motion, which examines the forces that create body motion and their effects; and concludes with Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles, which explains the action of the biological motors that exert force and produce mechanical work during human movement.

Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments

Part I. Muscle Architecture and Mechanics

Chapter 1. Muscle Architecture
Muscle Fascicles and Their Arrangements

Parallel Fibered and Fusiform Muscles
Pennate Muscles

Planar Models of Pennate Muscles
Pennation in Three Dimensions

Convergent and Circular Muscles

Muscle Fascicle Curvature: Frenet Frames
Fiber Architecture in the Fascicles
Muscle as a Fiber-Reinforced Composite
Fiber, Fascicle, and Muscle Length: Length–Length Ratios

Fiber and Fascicle Length
Length–Length Ratios

Muscle Path: Muscle Centroids

Straight-Line Representation of Muscle Path
Centroid Model of Muscle Path
Curved and Wrapping Muscles
Twisted Muscles
Muscles Attaching to More Than Two Bones

Cross-Sectional Area, Physiological and Anatomical
Muscle Attachment Area
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List

Chapter 2. Properties of Tendons and Passive Muscles
Biomechanics of Tendons and Aponeuroses

Elastic Behavior

Stress–Strain Relations

Stress–Strain Relations in the Toe Region
Stress–Strain Relations in the Linear Region

Tendon Forces
Tension and Elongation in Tendons and Aponeuroses
Constitutive Equations for Tendons and Ligaments

Viscoelastic Behavior of Tendons

Basic Concepts of Viscoelasticity
Viscoelastic Properties of Tendons

Computational Models of the Tendons
Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of the Tendons

Tendon Interaction With Surrounding Tissues

Intertendinous Shear Force and Lateral Force Transfer
Interfinger Connection Matrices
Gliding Resistance Between the Tendons and Surrounding Tissues
Tendon Wrapping
Bowstringing
Tendon Properties and Muscle Function
Musculotendinous Architectural Indices

Mechanical Properties of Passive Muscles

Muscle Tone: Equitonometry
Mechanical Properties of Relaxed Muscles

Elastic Properties
Viscoelastic Properties of Passive Muscles: Passive Mechanical Resistance in Joints

On Joint Flexibility
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List

Chapter 3. Mechanics of Active Muscle
Muscle Force Production and Transmission

Experimental Methods
Transition From Rest to Activity

Muscle Active State
Force Development in Humans: Rate of Force Development

Transition From Activity to Rest: Muscle Relaxation
Constancy of the Muscle Volume
Force Transmission and Internal Deformations (Strain)

Force Transmission in Muscle Fibers
Force Transmission in Muscles: Summation of Muscle Fiber Forces

Parallel-Fibered and Fusiform Muscles

Nonuniform Shortening of Muscle Fibers
Nonlinear Summation of Fiber Forces

Pennate Muscles

Force Transmission
Speed Transmission: Architectural Gear Ratio

Intramuscular Stress and Pressure

Specific Muscle Force
Stress Tensors
Intramuscular Fluid Pressure

Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressure
Factors Affecting Intramuscular Pressure: Application of the Laplace Law
Biological Function of Intramuscular Pressure: The Compartment Syndrome

Functional RelationsForce-Length Relations

Force–Length Curves
Mechanisms Behind the Active Force–Length Curve
Problem of Muscle Stability
Submaximal Force–Length Curve
Muscle Lengths in the Body: Expressed Sections of the Force–Length Curve

Force–Velocity Relations

A Piece of History: Muscle Viscosity Theory and Heat Production
Hill’s Force–Velocity Curve
Other Types of the Force–Velocity Curves

Force–Velocity Relations in Single Movement
Nonparametric Force–Velocity Relations

Mathematical Description of the Force–Velocity Curve: The Hill Characteristic Equation
Power–Velocity Relations

Force–Length–Velocity Relations

History Effects in Muscle Mechanics

Force Depression After Muscle Shortening
Effects of Muscle Release: Quick-Release and Controlled-Release Methods: Series Muscle Components

Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List

Chapter 4. Muscles as Force and Energy Absorbers
Muscle Mechanical Behavior During Stretch

Dynamic Force Enhancement

Force–Velocity Relation for Lengthening Muscle
Give Effects

Residual Force Enhancement

Muscle Shortening After Stretch

Work and Power During Shortening After Stretch
Energy Consumption During Stretch and Efficiency of the Muscle Shortening After Stretch

Dissipation of Energy
Mechanical Muscle Models

Hill-Type Model
Model Scaling

Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List

Part II Muscles in the Body

Chapter 5. From Muscle Forces to Joint Moments
Force Transmission: From Muscle to Bone

From Muscle to Tendon
From Tendon to Bone
Tendon Elasticity and Isometric Force–Length Relation

Force Transmission Via Soft Tissue Skeleton (Fascia)

Structure of Fascia
Muscle–Tendon–Fascia Attachments
Fascia as Soft Tissue Skeleton (Ectoskeleton)

Plantar Fascia and the Windlass Mechanism
Fascia Lata and Iliotibial Tract

Muscle Moment Arms

Muscle Moment Arm Vectors and Their Components

Moment Arms As Vectors
Muscle Moment Arms About Rotation Axes
Muscle Moment Arms About Anatomical Axes: Muscle Functions at a Joint
Moment Arms of Muscles With Curved Paths: Quadriceps Moment Arm
Moment Arms of Multijoint Muscles: Paradoxical Muscle Action

Methods for Determination of Muscle Moment Arms

Geometric Methods

Anatomical Geometric Methods

Planar Geometric Models
Three-Dimensional Geometric Models

Imaging Geometric Methods

Functional Methods

Tendon Excursion Method (Kinematic Method)
Load Application Method (Static Method)

Factors Affecting Muscle Moment Arm

Moment Arm as a Function of Joint Angles
Moment Arm as a Function of Exerted Muscle Force
Scaling of Moment Arms

Transformation of Muscle Forces to Joint Moments: Muscle Jacobian

Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List

Chapter 6. Two-Joint Muscles in Human Motion
Two-Joint Muscles: A Special Case of Multifunctional Muscles

Functional Features of Two-Joint Muscles
Anatomical and Morphological Features of Two-Joint Muscles

Functional Roles of Two-Joint Muscles

Kinetic Analysis of Two-Joint Muscles: Lombard’s Paradox
Kinematic Analysis of Two-Joint Muscles: Solution of Lombard’s Paradox

Mechanical Energy Transfer and Saving by Two-Joint Muscles

Tendon Action of Two-Joint Muscles

Illustrative Examples of Tendon Action of Two-Joint Muscles
Methods of Energy Transfer Estimation

Energy Generated by Joint Moment and Muscles at a Joint
Work Done by a Two-Joint Muscle at the Adjacent Joint

Tendon Action and Jumping Performance

Saving Mechanical Energy by Two-Joint Muscles

Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List

Chapter 7. Eccentric Muscle Action in Human Motion
Joint Power and Work as Measures of Eccentric Action

Negative Power and Work at a Joint
Total Negative Power and Work in Several Joints
Negative Power of Center of Mass Motion
Two Ways of Mechanical Energy Dissipation: Softness of Landing

Negative Work in Selected Activities

Walking
Stair Descent and Ascent
Level, Downhill, and Uphill Running
Landing

Joint Moments During Eccentric Actions

Maximal Joint Moments During Eccentric Actions
Force Changes During and After Stretch

Dynamic Force Enhancement
Short-Range Stiffness
Decay of Dynamic Force Enhancement

Residual Force Enhancement in Humans

Muscle Activity During Eccentric Actions

Surface Electromyographic Activity During Eccentric Actions
Motor Unit Activity During Eccentric Actions
Electromechanical Delay

Physiological Cost of Eccentric Action

Oxygen Consumption During Eccentric and Concentric Exercise
Fatigue and Perceived Exertion During Eccentric Action
Muscle Soreness After Eccentric Exercise

Reversible Muscle Action: Stretch–Shortening Cycle

Enhancement of Positive Work and Power Production
Mechanisms of the Performance Enhancement in the SSC
Efficiency of Positive Work in SSC

Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List

Chapter 8. Muscle Coordination in Human Motion
Kinematic Redundancy and Kinematic Invariant Characteristics of Limb Movements

Straight-Line Limb Endpoint Trajectory
Bell-Shaped Velocity Profile8.1.3 Power Law
Fitts’ Law
Principle of Least Action

Kinetic Invariant Characteristics of Limb Movements

Elbow–Shoulder Joint Moment Covariation During Arm Reaching
Minimum Joint Moment Change
Orientation and Shape of the Arm Apparent Stiffness Ellipses

Muscle Redundancy

Sources of Muscle Redundancy
Invariant Features of Muscle Activity Patterns

The Distribution Problem

Static Optimization

Problem Formulation
Cost Functions
Accuracy of the Static Optimization Methods: How Well Do the Methods Work?

Dynamic Optimization

Basic Concepts
Forward Dynamics Problem

Inverse Optimization
On Optimization Methods in Human Biomechanics and Motor Control

Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List

Glossary
Index
About the Authors

"Биомеханика скелетных мышц" является дальнейшем развитием теорий представленых в книге тремя китами советской науки